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Cell Signaling
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What is Cell signaling?
Cell signaling is the process by which cells interact with themselves, other cells, and the environment. The receptor binds to signaling molecules and initiates a reaction process, typically a transmembrane protein that can bind to extracell signaling molecules and then deliver stimuli within the cell. cell signal transduction is the entire process of converting external signals into changes that occur within cells, involving chemical reaction sequences between proteins and the fundamental characteristics of all cell life in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Usually, the signal transduction process involves three components: signal, receptor, and effector.
Signal Classification
Signals can be divided into the following five categories:
Autocrine: Refers to the secretion of signals produced within cells into the external environment, and their impact on the same cell (or nearby cells of the same type) through receptors;
Intracrine: refers to the signals produced and retained within cells;
Juxtacrine: refers to the signal produced by neighboring cells that is influenced by cell membrane contact;
There are three types of Juxtacrine:
Membrane ligands interact with membrane proteins of two adjacent cells.
A connected junction connects the intracellular compartments of two adjacent cells, allowing relatively smaller molecules to pass through.
Interactions between extracellular matrix glycoproteins and membrane proteins.
Paracrine: refers to signals produced by cells that affect nearby cells (without the need for cell contact);
Endocrine: Refers to signals produced by cells that can reach cells in other parts of the body through the circulatory system.
Another method of classifying signals is about signal molecules. The three main types of signaling molecules can be
Hormones: They are the main signaling molecules of the endocrine system, typically regulating each other's secretion. they
Used for communicating physiological regulation and behavioral activities, such as metabolism or sleep.
Neurotransmitters: They are signaling molecules of the nervous system.
Cytokines: They are signaling molecules of the immune system.
Signal Transduction Pathways
When bound to signaling molecules, the receptor protein undergoes a certain change and initiates a transduction process, which can be completed in one go or through a series of changes in different molecular sequences (known as signal transduction pathways).
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Akt/Pkb Signaling Pathway
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Ampk Signaling Pathway
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Camp-Dependent Pathway
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Eph/Ephrin Signaling Pathway
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Hedgehog Signaling Pathway
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Hippo Signaling Pathway
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Insulin Signal Transduction Pathway
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Jak-Stat Signaling Pathway
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Wnt Signaling Pathway
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Mapk/Erk Signaling Pathway
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Tlr Signaling Pathway
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Tgf Beta Signaling Pathway
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Pi3K/Akt/Mtor Signaling Pathway
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Vegf Signaling Pathway
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Notch Signaling Pathway
Reference
https://en.wikipedia.org/
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"Paracrine Factors". Retrieved 27 July 2018.
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