CD28 binds to its ligands B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) to provide a costimulatory signal that is required for complete activation of the T cell. The costimulatory signal and antigen stimulation signal (the first signal) cooperate to promote the activation, proliferation, and function of T cells. CD28 is involved in the negative regulation of TCR signaling and can relieve this inhibitory effect by promoting the ubiquitination and subsequent protein degradation of CBL-B, thereby enhancing T-cell activation. Activation of CD28 enhances metabolic pathways in T cells, specifically facilitating glycolytic processes, which provide T cells with rapid energy and biosynthetic precursors to support their activation and proliferation. CD28 signaling increased the expression of surface glucose transporters such as GLUT 1 on the T cells, thus enhancing the glucose uptake capacity of the T cells. CD28 signaling is also involved in the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism, including oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation, and these pathways play a key role in long-term T cell survival and function. In the tumor microenvironment, CD28 signaling helps T cells adapt to metabolic stresses, such as low oxygen and nutrient deficiency, thereby maintaining their antitumor activity.

At present, various drugs targeting CD28 are constantly under development, and taking drugs alone or together with other products to treat diseases has become a new method and remarkable achievements have been made. CD28 protein has shown important research value and application prospects in tumor biology, and drug research and development. With further research and technological advances, CD28 protein products are also essential. Alpha Lifetech can provide CD28 with corresponding products and help each customer's research and development. Alpha Lifetech provides end-to-end biotechnology development solutions, from upstream cell culture optimization to downstream purification scale. Our process is validated through analytical techniques such as HPLC, SDS-PAGE, and mass spectrometry to ensure product consistency and regulatory compliance. By combining cutting-edge biotechnology expertise with flexible service models, we help clients accelerate project research progress and ensure smooth experimentation.