Fasahar nuni ta Phage ita ce a saka kwayar halittar da ake nema ta waje a cikin takamaiman wurin da furotin na phage capsid yake, sannan a bayyana kwayar halittar da ake nema ta waje a saman phage ba tare da shafar aikin phage na yau da kullun ba. Bayan zagaye da dama na tantancewa, an sami furotin da ake nema mai ƙarfi da kuma yawan ayyukan halittu.

Ana iya samar da ɗakunan karatu masu ƙarfin garkuwar jiki ta amfani da wannan fasaha. Zagayen tantancewa yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci, tsarin aiki yana da sauƙi, kuma yawan amfani yana da faɗi, wanda ke ba da damar gano mafi kyawun jerin abubuwan da aka yi niyya ga peptides ko sunadarai. A cikin aikace-aikacen da suka shafi ƙwayoyin cuta, masu bincike za su iya gano ƙwayoyin rigakafi waɗanda ke ɗaure ga mahimman ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar tantance manyan ɗakunan karatu na ƙwayoyin cuta. Wannan tsari na iya kawo cikas ga hanyoyin shigar ƙwayoyin cuta, kwafi, ko hanyoyin gujewa garkuwar jiki, ta haka ne za a kafa harsashin maganin cututtuka.

Ana amfani da fasahar nuni ta Phage sosai fiye da fasahar hybridoma, wadda aka iyakance ta ga samar da ƙaramin adadin ƙwayoyin rigakafi ga takamaiman ƙwayoyin rigakafi. Sabanin haka, fasahar nuni ta phage na iya gabatar da cikakken ɗakin karatu na ƙwayoyin rigakafi da aka samo daga nau'ikan ƙwayoyin rigakafi daban-daban.

Fasahar nuni ta Phage tana da nau'ikan aikace-aikace iri-iri, ciki har da tantance masu karɓar ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa, nazarin hulɗar furotin, bin diddigin watsa sigina tsakanin ƙwayoyin halitta, gano cututtukan dabbobi, da kuma haɓaka alluran rigakafi, da sauran fannoni.

Fasahar nuni ta Phage tana ba da fa'idodi da yawa kuma ana iya amfani da ita a fannoni daban-daban. Duk da haka, babban ƙalubalen da ake fuskanta wajen ƙirƙirar ƙwayoyin rigakafi masu sake haɗawa ta amfani da hanyar nuni ta phage shine sarkakiya da farashin da ke tattare da tsarin. Wannan hanyar tana buƙatar haɗa dabarun ilmin halitta na kwayoyin halitta, gami da maye gurbi, cloning, da expression, tare da nazarin rigakafi, biochemical, da biophysical don gano da kuma siffanta ƙwayoyin rigakafi da ake so.

Gabatarwar antigen muhimmin haɗi ne. Hanyoyin gabatar da antigen sun haɗa da gabatar da antigen mai rufi kai tsaye, gabatar da antigen mai rufi kai tsaye, gabatar da antigen ta hanyar tantance dukkan ƙwayoyin halitta, gabatar da antigen ta hanyar liposomes, faifan nano-phospholipid da VLPs.

Hanyar shafa kai tsaye abu ne mai sauƙi, amma yanayin antigen yana da sauƙin canzawa, kuma aikin shafa kai tsaye yana da rikitarwa, amma yana iya kiyaye yanayin antigen da inganta ingancin gabatarwa. Binciken ƙwayoyin halitta na iya kwaikwayon ainihin yanayin a cikin jiki, amma akwai matsalar ɗaurewa mara takamaiman abu. Faifan Nano-phospholipid yana da ƙaramin girma, ingantaccen isarwa mai yawa da kwanciyar hankali mai kyau; Ana haɗa VLPs da antigen ko kuma an naɗe su da antigen, wanda ke da ƙarfin garkuwar jiki mai yawa da aminci mai kyau, kuma yana iya haifar da ƙarfin amsawar garkuwar jiki.

Idan yawan sinadarin ya yi ƙasa sosai, yuwuwar ɗaurewa da phage zai ragu, wanda hakan zai haifar da raguwar ingancin tantancewa. Akasin haka, yawan sinadarin na iya ƙara yiwuwar ɗaurewa mara takamaiman tsari, ƙara girman siginar bango, da kuma hana gano ƙwayoyin cuta masu kyau.

Ana iya amfani da hanyar gyara mai sauƙi don guje wa yanayin zafi mai yawa, acid mai ƙarfi da alkali. An yi amfani da hanyar rufewa kai tsaye da tsarin biotin-streptavidin don rage lalacewar tsarin antigen. Idan antigen furotin ne na membrane, ana iya nuna shi a saman ƙwayoyin da ba su da matsala ko kuma a yi amfani da shi don kwaikwayon yanayin membrane, kamar nano-disk, don kiyaye yanayin furotin membrane na halitta.

Baya ga gwaje-gwajen yau da kullun kamar ELISA, Western Blotting (WB), da Immunofluorescence (IF), ana iya amfani da dabarun gano Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) da Bio-Layer Interferometry (BLI) don sa ido kan hanyoyin ɗaurewa da rabuwar ƙwayoyin rigakafi da antigens a ainihin lokaci, wanda ke ba da damar tantance ma'aunin kusanci da motsi.

Ana iya amfani da nunin Phage don samar da ƙwayoyin rigakafi masu ƙarfi na monoclonal ga nau'ikan halittu masu samar da ƙwayoyin rigakafi iri-iri, gami da amma ba'a iyakance ga mutane ba, beraye, beraye, zomaye, kaji, raƙuma, alpacas, shanu, karnuka, tumaki, birai, da sharks.

Fasahar gina ɗakunan ajiyar ƙwayoyin cuta na linzamin kwamfuta ta kasance mai inganci, mai araha, kuma tana da ɗan gajeren lokacin gwaji, wanda hakan ya sa ta dace da gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta na farko da kuma bincike na asali. Kwayoyin rigakafi na zomo suna nuna ƙarfi da takamaiman bayanai, tare da faɗin gane ƙwayoyin cuta na epitope idan aka kwatanta da ƙwayoyin rigakafi na linzamin kwamfuta. Ana iya samun ƙwayoyin rigakafi na ɗan adam kai tsaye daga ɗakunan ajiyar ƙwayoyin cuta na ɗan adam, don haka ana guje wa yiwuwar halayen garkuwar jiki da ka iya faruwa lokacin da aka ba da ƙwayoyin rigakafi iri-iri ga jikin ɗan adam. Wannan hanyar tana da matuƙar muhimmanci a binciken magunguna da haɓaka su, musamman wajen ƙirƙirar ƙwayoyin rigakafi na warkewa.

Kwayoyin rigakafi na dabbobi galibi ana raba su zuwa antigen na furotin, antigen na polypeptide, antigen na nucleic acid da antigen da ke da alaƙa da pathogen, daga cikinsu antigen da ke da alaƙa da pathogen ya haɗa da antigen na virus (cikakken ƙwayar cuta, furotin na ƙwayar cuta, furotin mara tsari na ƙwayar cuta, da sauransu), antigen na ƙwayoyin cuta (cikakken cirewar ƙwayoyin cuta, ɓangaren bangon tantanin halitta, furotin da aka fitar, guba, da sauransu) da kuma antigen na parasite.

Daidaita garkuwar jiki ta hanyar maye gurbin garkuwar jiki da furotin masu sake hadewa da kuma maye gurbin ƙwayoyin cuta masu kashe gobara da furotin masu tsarin ƙwayoyin cuta. Daidaita ƙirar gwaji kuma gyara yawan garkuwar jiki.

Ana iya ƙara ƙarfin garkuwar jiki ta hanyar haɗa antigens tare da furotin masu ɗauke da sinadarai, kamar albumin na jini na shanu. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da magungunan garkuwar jiki, gami da Freund's adjuvant da aluminum adjuvant, don tsawaita lokacin zama a cikin jiki da kuma ƙarfafa kunnawa da yaɗuwar ƙwayoyin garkuwar jiki, ta haka ne za a inganta garkuwar jiki.

Laburaren rigakafi na phage tarin ƙwayoyin rigakafi ne na phage daban-daban da aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar haɗa cikakken jerin kwayoyin halitta masu canzawa daga ƙwayoyin rigakafi zuwa ƙwayoyin cuta na phage da kuma bayyana su a saman ƙwayoyin cuta. Wannan tsari yana haifar da ƙirƙirar ɗakin karatu na ƙwayoyin cuta na phage.

Tsarin gaba ɗaya na nunin phage ya ƙunshi matakai da yawa masu mahimmanci: cire ƙwayoyin mononuclear na jini na gefe (PBMC) daga dabbobin da aka yi wa rigakafi, ware jimlar RNA da kuma canza shi zuwa DNA mai dacewa (cDNA), haɓaka kwayar halittar da aka yi niyya ta amfani da fasahar polymerase chain reaction (PCR), yin cloning na kwayar halittar da aka yi niyya zuwa vector na phage, da kuma canza vector zuwa ƙwayar mai masaukin baki don bayyanawa. Wannan tsari yana haifar da gina ɗakin karatu na nuni na phage, wanda zai iya gano ƙwayoyin rigakafi masu ƙarfi cikin sauri. Bayan haka, wannan ɗakin karatu na iya zama tushen samar da alluran rigakafi, magungunan warkewa, da kuma abubuwan gano cututtuka.

A cewar tushen ɗakin karatu na antibody, ana iya rarraba ɗakunan karatu na antibody na phage zuwa ɗakunan karatu na antibody na immune phage da ɗakunan karatu na antibody na phage. Babban bambanci tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan biyu ya ta'allaka ne ko an yi wa dabbobin allurar rigakafi. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya samar da ɗakunan karatu na antibody na asali ta hanyar semi-synthesis ko synthesis.

Akwai manyan ma'auni guda biyu don kimanta ingancin ɗakin ajiyar ƙwayoyin cuta: ƙarfin ajiya da bambancinsa. Babban ƙarfin ajiya, tare da babban bambancinsa, yana tabbatar da ingantaccen tantance ƙwayoyin cuta tare da babban ƙarfi da takamaiman bayani.

A yayin aikin fitar da sinadarai na halitta, ana sanya kayan nuni a cikin dakin adanawa da maƙasudai masu tsayayye sannan a wanke sosai don cire phages marasa amsawa. Yawanci ana fitar da conjugates ta amfani da maganin acidic ko mai yawan gishiri sannan a ƙara musu a cikin ƙwayoyin da suka dace don ƙara musu ƙarfi. Bayan zagaye 3 zuwa 5 na tantancewa, ana samun ƙwayoyin rigakafi masu ƙarfi sosai.

Hanyoyin tantancewa na Phage sun haɗa da tantancewa mai ƙarfi, tantancewa ta hanyar ruwa, da kuma tantancewa ta hanyar tantanin halitta. Zaɓin hanyar tantancewa mai dacewa ya kamata ya yi la'akari da halayen ƙwayoyin da aka yi niyya, manufofin tsarin tantancewa, da kuma yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje.

Gwajin da aka yi wa phage antibodies shine hanya mafi mahimmanci ta tantance ƙwayoyin rigakafi na phage waɗanda ke ɗaure ga sunadarai masu manufa. Gwajin da ba su dace ba yana aiki don kawar da ƙwayoyin rigakafi marasa takamaiman. A lokacin aikin gwajin ƙwayoyin rigakafi na phage, ana iya gano ƙwayoyin rigakafi marasa takamaiman saboda tsangwama daga lakabin antigen da aka yi wa manufa, kayan aiki, ko wasu ƙwayoyin rigakafi masu kama da tsarin antigen da aka yi wa manufa. A irin waɗannan yanayi, gwajin da ba su dace ba na iya haɓaka ingancin tsarin tantancewa.

Hanyoyin tabbatar da ƙwayoyin cuta na rigakafi galibi sun haɗa da ELISA, Western Blotting (WB), kwararar cytometry, immunoprecipitation (IP), immunofluorescence (IF), immunohistochemistry, da sauran dabarun gwaji daban-daban. Alpha Lifetech tana da ƙwarewa sosai a gano ƙwayoyin cuta kuma tana da ƙungiyar gwaji ta ƙwararru, tana tabbatar da ingancin ƙwayoyin cuta a gwaje-gwajen da ke tafe.