Isingeniso Sesevisi Yokubonisa Iziphaza

Ukuboniswa kwe-Phage, njengendlela yama-molecule esekelwe ekuguqulweni kwezakhi zofuzo ze-phage DNA, sekuyindlela enamandla yama-molecule yokukhiqiza ama-molecule probe ngokumelene nezinhloso ezithile ngokuveza lezi zingcezu ebusweni be-phage bese kukhethwa izingcezu ze-peptide/antibody ezinezakhiwo ezithile zokubopha ezivela ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi (imitapo yolwazi).

I-Alpha Lifetech ineminyaka eyishumi yesipiliyoni ekuthuthukisweni kwama-antibodies okubonisa i-phage futhi ingahlinzeka ngensizakalo yobuchwepheshe yokwakha kanye nokuhlola umtapo wolwazi wama-antibody kumakhasimende ethu. Ngokwezidingo zamakhasimende, singahlinzeka ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-antibody libraries, njengemitapo yolwazi yokuzivikela komzimba, imitapo yolwazi yendawo, imitapo yolwazi yokwenziwa kanye nemitapo yolwazi yokwenziwa kancane kancane. Ubuchwepheshe bomtapo wolwazi wokubonisa i-phage, obuhlanganisa ama-antibody genes nama-genes amaprotheni e-phage coat njenge-M13, buwubuchwepheshe obuvame kakhulu bokulungiselela ama-antibody aphindaphindayo futhi busetshenziswa kabanzi ekuthuthukisweni kwama-antibodies athile kakhulu.

I-Alpha Lifetech izogoma ama-alpaca, ama-llama, ama-alpaca, kanye noshaka, njll., ukuze ukusebenza kwawo kufinyelele ku-10^5. Sizothumela umbiko wokuhlola ukusebenza kahle kumakhasimende ukuqinisekisa ukuthi idatha iyasebenza futhi iyiqiniso. Imitapo yolwazi yabantu bomdabu inezinzuzo zokuba nobuthi obuphansi kanye nokuzivikela komzimba okuphansi. I-Alpha Lifetech inenqwaba yemitapo yolwazi yabantu bomdabu eyenziwe ngaphambilini, engasetshenziswa ngqo ekuhlolweni kwama-antibody ngaphandle kokugoma izilwane, ngaleyo ndlela inciphise isikhathi sephrojekthi, ithuthukise inqubekela phambili yokuhlolwa kweklayenti, futhi iqinisekise ubuqotho bokusebenza kwe-antibody.

ukutholakala kwama-antibody-Alpha Lifetech

Umfanekiso 1: Isimiso sokubonisa i-Phage

Uhlelo Lwethu Lokubonisa Amaphage

Ulwazi oluyinhloko lohlelo lokubonisa lwe-M13/T4/T7 phage luboniswe kuThebula 1.

Ithebula 1 Izimoto ezahlukene zokubonisa ama-phage kanye nezici zazo
	M13	I-T4	T7
Usayizi we-Genome	6407 bp	168895 bp	39937 bp
Bonisa iphrotheni	i-pVI, i-pIII kanye ne-pVIII	I-SOC kanye ne-HOC	i-gp10B
Usayizi Wokubonisa	>110 kDa yi-pIII
Usayizi Wokubonisa
Ubuningi Bokubonisa
Ubuningi Bokubonisa	Amakhophi angaphansi kuka-2700 ku-pVIII	Amakhophi angaphansi kuka-155 ku-HOC
Umjikelezo wokuphila	I-Lysogeny	I-Lytic	I-Lytic

I-Alpha Lfetech Ingahlinzeka

I-Phage Display ihlanganisa i-genotype kanye ne-phenotype ibe yinto eyodwa, ihlanganisa ukukhetha kanye nokukhulisa amandla okuhlola anamandla. I-Alpha Lifetech inganikeza izinsizakalo ezahlukahlukene zokuthuthukiswa kwe-antibody ye-phage display.
Izinsizakalo eziyinhloko zifaka: ipulatifomu yomtapo wolwazi we-antibody ye-VHH, ipulatifomu yomtapo wolwazi we-antibody ye-scFv, ipulatifomu yomtapo wolwazi we-antibody ye-Fab, ipulatifomu yokwakha umtapo wolwazi we-phage, ipulatifomu yokuhlola umtapo wolwazi we-phage kanye nensizakalo yokwenza umuntu we-antibody kanye nezinye izinsizakalo.

ukuthuthukiswa kwama-antibody-Alpha Lifetech

Umfanekiso 2: Inqubo yesevisi yokuthuthukiswa kwesibonisi se-Phage

Inqubo Yokuthuthukiswa Kwama-Antibody Okubonisa I-Phage Display

Singakwazi ukugoma izilwane ngamaprotheni abonakala elabhorethri yethu noma anikezwe amakhasimende ethu, okuhlanganisa amaprotheni ahlukahlukene e-macromolecular, ama-peptide kanye namaprotheni e-membrane. Ngokuhlolwa kokusebenza kahle kwe-ELISA, abacwaningi bethu benze ukuhlukaniswa kwe-PBMC kanye nokukhishwa kwe-RNA egazini lama-alpaca ngemiphumela emihle kakhulu yokugoma. Ngokubhala kabusha kanye nokukhulisa izakhi zofuzo, sakhe isakhi sofuzo kuma-vector e-pMESC, i-pComb3XSS noma i-pCANTAB 5E phage. Ngokuguqulwa kwamaseli anekhono le-TG1 E. coli, imitapo yolwazi ye-phage antibody enamandla omtapo wolwazi angaphezu kuka-10^9 ingatholakala. Imitapo yolwazi ye-antibody enamandla omtapo wolwazi omkhulu inokwehlukahluka okuhle futhi isiza ekutholeni ama-antibodies anobungane. Ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomtapo wolwazi we-antibody, sizochaza amandla omtapo wolwazi kanye nezinga lokufakwa komtapo wolwazi. Ekugcineni silandelanisa imitapo yolwazi ukuze sinikeze amakhasimende ethu ukulandelana okudingekayo okungu-30-50. Ngemuva kwalokho, senza ukuhlolwa komtapo wolwazi wokubonisa i-phage, Okokuqala, i-antigen ayishukumi kuma-microplate e-polypropylene, futhi ngemijikelezo engu-3-5 yokuhlolwa, ama-phage-antibodies anekhono lokubopha elibuthakathaka ayasuswa, bese ama-clone athile abopha ku-antigen ayagcinwa. Ekubonisweni kwe-phage, indlela ye-ELISA isetshenziswa ukugcina nge-clone enhle, kuyilapho ekubonisweni kwemvubelo, indlela ye-FACS isetshenziswa ukwenza amaseli abonise izingcezu ze-antibody eziphindaphindayo kusetshenziswa ama-antigen anelebula. Ngokuhlola, silungiselela ama-antibodies anokuzwela okuphezulu, ukucacisa kanye nokusondelana okuphezulu.

Umfanekiso 3 Inqubo yokwenziwa kwe-antibody yokubonisa i-Phage

IZINZUZO ZESEVELI
Izinzuzo zesevisi

I-Alpha Lifetech izibophezele kakhulu kubuchwepheshe bokubonisa ama-phage, futhi ingahlinzeka amakhasimende ngezinsizakalo ezibanzi nezingcono ze-phage.

Isikhathi kanye nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu

Inkampani yethu ingasesha ama-antibodies anele ngesikhathi esifushane; singenza izivivinyo ezahlukene zokuhlola ama-antibody ngokwezidingo zamakhasimende.

Ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ephezulu

Inkampani yethu isiza amakhasimende ukulungiselela ama-antibodies ngokunemba okuphezulu kanye nokuqina, okwandisa umphumela wemiphumela yocwaningo lwesayensi.

Nikeza izinketho ezahlukahlukene

Inkampani yethu ingakha imitapo yolwazi yezinhlobo eziningi zama-antibody (abantu, amagundane, onogwaja, ama-alpaca, njll.) futhi ingakha izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-antibody (scfv, Fab, VHH, njll.).

Umthamo Omkhulu

Umtapo wethu wama-antibody unamandla amakhulu ama-antibody angaphezu kuka-10^9

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa-Izinkinga ezijwayelekile zokubonisa i-phage

Imibuzo yokubonisa i-phage ◢

U.
Buyini ubuchwepheshe bokubonisa i-phage?

A.
Ubuchwepheshe bokubonisa i-Phage buwukufaka i-gene target yangaphandle endaweni ethile ye-phage capsid protein, bese iveza i-gene yangaphandle ebusweni be-phage ngaphandle kokuthinta ukusebenza okuvamile kwe-phage. Ngemva kokuhlolwa okuningana, i-protein target ene-specific eqinile kanye nomsebenzi ophezulu we-biological ekugcineni yatholakala.
U.
Yiziphi izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe bokubonisa i-phage?

A.
Amalabhulali e-antibody anamandla aphezulu angakhiqizwa kusetshenziswa lobu buchwepheshe. Umjikelezo wokuhlola umfushane, inqubo yokusebenza iqondile, futhi ububanzi bezicelo bukhulu, okuvumela ukuhlonza ukulandelana okuhle kwama-peptide noma amaprotheni aqondiwe. Ezinhlelweni ezihlobene negciwane, abacwaningi bangathola ama-antibodies abopha kuma-epitopes abalulekile egciwane ngokuhlola amalabhulali amakhulu e-antibody. Le nqubo ingavimbela ukungena, ukuphindaphindeka, noma izindlela zokugwema amasosha omzimba zama-virus, ngaleyo ndlela isungule isisekelo sokwelashwa kwezifo.
U.
Uyini umehluko phakathi kobuchwepheshe be-hybridoma nobuchwepheshe be-phage?

A.
Ubuchwepheshe bokubonisa i-phage busetshenziswa kabanzi kunobuchwepheshe be-hybridoma, obukhawulelwe ekukhiqizeni inani elincane lama-antibodies ngokumelene nama-immunogen athile. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ubuchwepheshe bokubonisa i-phage bungaveza umtapo wolwazi wonke wama-antibody atholakala ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zokuzivikela komzimba.
U.
Yiziphi izinhlelo zokusebenza zobuchwepheshe bokubonisa i-phage?

A.
Ubuchwepheshe bokubonisa i-phage bunezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukuhlola ama-receptor ezinto ezincane ezibangela izifo, ukufunda ukusebenzisana kwamaprotheni, ukulandelela ukudluliswa kwesignali phakathi kwamaseli, ukuxilonga izifo zezilwane, kanye nokuthuthukisa imigomo, phakathi kwezinye izinkambu.
U.
Ithemba lobuchwepheshe bokubonisa i-phage?

A.
Ubuchwepheshe bokubonisa ama-phage bunikeza izinzuzo eziningi futhi bungasetshenziswa emikhakheni eyahlukene. Kodwa-ke, inselele eyinhloko ekuthuthukiseni ama-antibodies aphinde ahlanganiswe kusetshenziswa indlela yokubonisa ama-phage ubunkimbinkimbi kanye nezindleko ezihambisana nenqubo. Le ndlela idinga ukuhlanganiswa kwamasu e-molecular biology, okuhlanganisa ukuguqulwa, ukwakheka kwama-cloning, kanye nokuvezwa, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-immunological, biochemical, kanye ne-biophysical ukuhlonza nokuchaza ama-antibodies afunwayo.

Imibuzo ehlobene ne-antigen ◢

U.
Yiziphi izindlela zokwethulwa kwe-antigen?

A.
Ukuvezwa kwe-antigen kuyisixhumanisi esibaluleke kakhulu. Izindlela zokuvezwa kwe-antigen zifaka phakathi ukuvezwa kwe-antigen eboshwe ngqo, ukuvezwa kwe-antigen eboshwe ngokungaqondile, ukuvezwa kwe-antigen ngokuhlolwa kweseli lonke, ukuvezwa kwe-antigen ngama-liposome, ama-nano-phospholipid disks kanye nama-VLP.
U.
Yimiphi umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zokwethulwa kwe-antigen?

A.
Indlela yokumboza ngqo ilula kakhulu, kodwa ukwakheka kwe-antigen kulula ukuyishintsha, futhi ukusebenza kokumboza okungaqondile kuyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa kungagcina ukwakheka kwe-antigen futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokwethula. Ukuhlolwa kwamaseli kungalingisa indawo yangempela emzimbeni, kodwa kunenkinga yokubopha okungaqondile. I-Nano-phospholipid disc inosayizi omncane, ukusebenza kahle kokulethwa okuphezulu kanye nokuqina okuhle; Ama-VLP ahlanganiswe ne-antigen noma asongwe nge-antigen, enokuqina okuphezulu kokuzivikela komzimba kanye nokuphepha okuhle, futhi angabangela impendulo enamandla yokuzivikela komzimba.
U.
Uyini umphumela wokuhlushwa kwe-antigen emiphumeleni yokuhlola ubuchwepheshe bokubonisa i-phage?

A.
Uma ukuhlushwa kuphansi kakhulu, amathuba okubopha ne-phage azoncipha, okuholela ekunciphiseni ukusebenza kahle kokuhlola. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kakhulu kungandisa amathuba okubopha okungaqondile, kuphakamise isignali yangemuva, futhi kuvimbele ukuhlonza ama-clone amahle.
U.
Singaqinisekisa kanjani ukuthi i-antigen igcina ukwakheka kwayo kwemvelo ngesikhathi senqubo yokuhlola?

A.
Indlela yokulungisa emnene ingasetshenziswa ukugwema izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, i-asidi enamandla kanye ne-alkali. Indlela yokumboza engaqondile kanye nohlelo lwe-biotin-streptavidin kwasetshenziswa ukunciphisa umonakalo esakhiweni se-antigen. Uma i-antigen iyiprotheni ye-membrane, ingaboniswa ebusweni bamaseli aphelele noma isetshenziswe ukulingisa indawo ye-membrane, njenge-nano-disk, ukuze kugcinwe ukwakheka kwayo kweprotheni ye-membrane yemvelo.
U.
Ungaqinisekisa kanjani ukucaciswa kokubopha kwama-antibodies ahlolwe ubuchwepheshe bokubonisa i-phage kuma-antigen?

A.
Ngaphezu kokuhlolwa okuvamile okufana ne-ELISA, i-Western Blotting (WB), kanye ne-Immunofluorescence (IF), amasu okuthola i-Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) kanye ne-Bio-Layer Interferometry (BLI) angasetshenziswa ukuqapha izinqubo zokubopha kanye nokuhlukanisa ama-antibodies nama-antigen ngesikhathi sangempela, okuvumela ukunqunywa kwemingcele ye-affinity kanye ne-kinetic.

Imibuzo Ehlobene Nokuzivikela Emzimbeni ◢

U.
Yiziphi izimpendulo ezijwayelekile zokuzivikela komzimba zezilwane kubuchwepheshe bokubonisa i-phage?

A.
Ukuboniswa kwe-Phage kungasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza ama-antibodies e-monoclonal ahambisana kakhulu nezinhlobo eziningi ezikhiqiza ama-antibody, okuhlanganisa kodwa kungagcini kubantu, amagundane, amagundane, onogwaja, izinkukhu, amakamela, ama-alpaca, izinkomo, izinja, izimvu, izinkawu, kanye noshaka.
U.
Yiziphi izici kanye nezimo ezisebenzayo zemitapo yolwazi yama-antibody etholakala ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zezilwane kubuchwepheshe bokubonisa i-phage?

A.
Ubuchwepheshe bokwakha imitapo yolwazi ye-antibody yegundane busekelwe kahle, bungabizi kakhulu, futhi bunesikhathi esifushane sokuhlola, okwenza bufaneleke ukuhlolwa kwe-antibody kokuqala kanye nocwaningo oluyisisekelo. Ama-antibody onogwaja abonisa ukuhambisana okuqinile nokucacile, enobubanzi bokuqashelwa kwe-epitope uma kuqhathaniswa nama-antibody egundane. Ama-antibody abantu angatholakala ngqo emitapo yolwazi ye-antibody yabantu, ngaleyo ndlela kugwenywe ukusabela okungaba khona kokuzivikela komzimba okungase kwenzeke lapho ama-antibody ahlukene enikezwa emzimbeni womuntu. Le ndlela ibaluleke kakhulu ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwemithi, ikakhulukazi ekudalweni kwama-antibody okwelapha.
U.
Iyini i-immunogen yezilwane ejwayelekile esetshenziswa kubuchwepheshe bokubonisa i-phage?

A.
Ama-immunogen ezilwane ngokuvamile ahlukaniswe ngama-protein antigen, i-polypeptide antigen, i-nucleic acid antigen kanye ne-pathogen-related antigen, phakathi kwawo i-antigen ehlobene ne-pathogen ehlanganisa i-virus antigen (i-complete virus particle, i-virus protein, i-virus non-structural protein, njll.), i-bacterial antigen (complete bacterial extract, cell wall component, i-excreted protein, i-toxin, njll.) kanye ne-parasite antigen.
U.
Singabhekana kanjani nenkinga yokubekezelelana kwamasosha omzimba ezilwaneni ngesikhathi sokusabela kwamasosha omzimba?

A.
Lungisa ama-immunogens ngokufaka ama-antigen omzimba esikhundleni sama-protein aphinde ahlanganiswe futhi ufake ama-protein amagciwane alwa nomlilo esikhundleni sama-protein akhiwe ngama-virus. Lungisa ukwakheka kokuhlola bese ushintsha umthamo wamasosha omzimba.
U.
I-immunogenicity yama-immunogen ingathuthukiswa kanjani kubuchwepheshe bokubonisa i-phage?

A.
Ukuqina kwe-immunogenicity kungathuthukiswa ngokuxhumanisa ama-antigen namaprotheni athwalayo, njenge-bovine serum albumin. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izithasiselo ze-immune, okuhlanganisa i-Freund's adjuvant kanye ne-aluminium adjuvant, zingasetshenziswa ukwandisa isikhathi sokuhlala emzimbeni futhi zikhuthaze ukusebenza nokwanda kwamaseli omzimba, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukuqina kwe-immunogenicity.

Imibuzo Yokwakha Umtapo Wolwazi ◢

U.
Iyini ilabhulali ye-phage antibody?

A.
Umtapo wolwazi we-phage antibody uyiqoqo lama-antibody ahlukahlukene e-phage adalwe ngokuqoqa isethi ephelele yezakhi zofuzo zesifunda eziguquguqukayo ezivela kuma-antibodies zibe ama-phage vectors bese ziwaveza ebusweni be-phages. Le nqubo iholela ekwakhekeni komtapo wolwazi we-phage antibody.
U.
Inqubo yokwakha umtapo wolwazi we-phage antibody

A.
Inqubo evamile yokubonisa i-phage ihilela izinyathelo eziningana ezibalulekile: ukukhipha amaseli egazi angaphandle (i-PBMC) ezilwaneni ezigonyiwe, ukuhlukanisa i-RNA iyonke bese uyiguqula ibe yi-DNA ehambisanayo (i-cDNA), ukukhulisa i-target gene kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), ukuhlanganisa i-target gene ibe yi-phage vector, nokuguqula i-vector ibe yiseli eliyi-host ukuze libonakale. Le nqubo iholela ekwakhiweni komtapo wolwazi wokubonisa i-phage, ongabona ngokushesha ama-antibodies ahambisana kakhulu. Ngemva kwalokho, lo mtapo wolwazi ungasebenza njengomthombo obalulekile wokuthuthukiswa kwemijovo, imithi yokwelapha, kanye nama-reagent okuxilonga.
U.
Yiziphi izinto ezibalulekile ekwakheni umtapo wolwazi osezingeni eliphezulu?

A.

Qinisekisa ukuthi inani eliphelele le-PBMC lanele. Qinisekisa ikhwalithi ye-RNA ngaphandle kokuwohloka.

Ukuqinisekisa inani eliphelele lama-transformant, umthamo womtapo wolwazi ngokuvamile uyadingeka ukuthi ube izikhathi eziyi-10 kuya kweziyi-100 zokwehlukahlukana kwemfundiso.
U.
Yiziphi izinhlobo zomtapo wolwazi we-phage antibody?

A.
Ngokusho komthombo womtapo wolwazi we-antibody, imitapo yolwazi ye-phage antibody ingahlukaniswa ibe imitapo yolwazi ye-immune phage antibody kanye nemitapo yolwazi ye-native phage antibody. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili ulele ekutheni izilwane zigonywe yini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imitapo yolwazi ye-native antibody ingakhiqizwa ngokusebenzisa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-semi-synthesis noma ukuhlanganiswa.
U.
Umuntu angahlola kanjani ikhwalithi yomtapo wolwazi we-phage antibody?

A.
Kunezinkomba ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuhlola ikhwalithi yomtapo wolwazi we-antibody: umthamo wokugcina kanye nokwehlukahluka. Umthamo wokugcina omkhulu, ohlanganiswe nokwehlukahluka okuphezulu, uqinisekisa ukuhlolwa okuphumelelayo kwama-antibodies kokubili ngokuhambisana okuphezulu kanye nokucacile.

Imibuzo Yokuhlola Umtapo Wolwazi ◢

U.
Iyini inqubo yokuhlola umtapo wolwazi we-phage antibody?

A.
Enkambisweni yokuhlaziywa kwezinto eziphilayo, umtapo wolwazi wokubonisa ufakwa ezinhlakeni eziqondile bese ugezwa kabanzi ukuze kususwe ama-phage angasebenzi. Ama-Conjugates avame ukuhlukaniswa kusetshenziswa isisombululo esine-acid noma usawoti omningi bese kamuva akhuliswa kumaseli afanele ukuze acebise. Ngemva kwemijikelezo emithathu kuya kwemihlanu yokuhlola, kutholakala ama-antibodies ane-affinity ephezulu.
U.
Yiziphi izindlela ezisetshenziswayo ukuhlola ama-antibody e-phage?

A.
Izindlela zokuhlola ama-phage zifaka phakathi ikakhulukazi i-solid-phase panning, i-liquid-phase screening, kanye ne-cell-based screening. Ukukhethwa kwendlela yokuhlola efanele kufanele kucabangele izici zama-molecule aqondiwe, izinhloso zenqubo yokuhlola, kanye nendawo yelabhorethri.
U.
Yiziphi izivivinyo ezinhle nezimbi zama-phages?

A.
Ukuhlolwa okuhle kuyindlela eyisisekelo kakhulu yokuhlola ama-antibodies e-phage abopha amaprotheni aqondiwe. Ukuhlolwa okubi kusebenza ekuqedeni ama-antibodies angewona aqondile. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokuhlola ama-antibody e-phage, ama-antibodies angewona aqondile angase atholakale ngenxa yokuphazamiseka okuvela kulebula le-antigen eliqondiwe, izinto, noma amanye ama-antigen afana nesakhiwo se-antigen eqondiwe. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ukuhlolwa okubi kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo yokuhlola.
U.
Ungakugwema kanjani ukuhlola ama-antibodies angaqondile?

A.

Ama-antigen abhalwe ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zezimpawu angabekwa phambili ekuhlolweni kokuqala, noma ukuhlolwa okungekuhle kungasetshenziswa ukunciphisa inani lama-antibodies angaqondile.

Ungakhetha ukushintsha uketshezi lokuvala olufanele noma usebenzise uketshezi lokuvala oluhlukile ukuze uvimbele lesi simo. Uma i-antibody eqaphela umugqa weseli wangemuva (i-CHO noma i-HEK293) ihlolwe, ungafaka imigqa yeseli yangemuva ehlukile esikhundleni sezinhloso zokuhlola noma zokuhlola okungekuhle.
U.
Umuntu angaqinisekisa futhi ahlaziye kanjani ama-antibodies atholakele?

A.
Izindlela zokuqinisekisa ama-antibody ngokuvamile zifaka phakathi i-ELISA, i-Western Blotting (WB), i-flow cytometry, i-immunoprecipitation (IP), i-immunofluorescence (IF), i-immunohistochemistry, kanye nezinye izindlela zokuhlola ezahlukahlukene. I-Alpha Lifetech inolwazi olukhulu ekutholeni ama-antibody futhi inethimba lochwepheshe lokuhlola, eliqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwama-antibody ekuhlolweni okulandelayo.

Uma unemibuzo, sicela ukhululeke ukuxhumana nathi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.

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